Power steering: how it works and how to identify problems

Power steering is one of the most important systems in a vehicle, as it facilitates handling and improves the driving experience. This system uses hydraulic technology to reduce the effort required when turning the steering wheel, allowing for smoother and more precise maneuvers, especially at low speeds or when parking. 

However, like any mechanical component, it may cause problems over time. In this article, we'll explain how power steering works and help you identify the most common problems to keep your vehicle in optimal condition.

How does power steering work?

The power steering system uses the pressure generated by a special fluid to assist the driver in turning the steering wheel. Below, we break down its main components and their operation:

• Hydraulic pump. It is usually driven by a belt connected to the engine and provides the pressure needed to move the hydraulic fluid.
• Hydraulic fluid. It is a special liquid designed to transmit the force from the pump to the steering mechanism. In addition, it lubricates and protects the internal parts of the system against wear. 
• Control valve (or rotary valve). It detects when the driver turns the steering wheel and directs the fluid to the corresponding side of the hydraulic cylinder. 
• Hydraulic cylinder. This component converts the pressure of the fluid into mechanical movement, directly assisting the rotation of the wheels. 
• Hoses and lines. They transport the hydraulic fluid between the pump, the control valve and the cylinder.

When you turn the steering wheel, the control valve redirects the pressurized fluid to the hydraulic cylinder, which applies additional force to the steering mechanism. This significantly reduces the physical effort needed to maneuver the vehicle, making driving more comfortable and safer.

Common problems with power steering

Although the power steering system is designed to be durable, continued use, lack of maintenance, or natural wear and tear can result in failures. Identifying these issues early is crucial to prevent further damage. Next, we’ll look at the most common symptoms and their possible causes.

Stiff or hard-to-turn steering wheel

One of the most common problems is that the steering wheel requires more effort than usual to turn. This is usually due to low pressure in the hydraulic system, caused by insufficient fluid levels, a faulty pump, or clogged hoses. If you notice this symptom, the first thing you should do is check the hydraulic fluid level in the reservoir. If it is low, fill it with the type of fluid recommended by the manufacturer. However, if the problem persists, it may be necessary to inspect the pump or hoses for possible blockages or failures. 

Strange noises when turning the steering wheel

If you hear a squeak or buzz when you turn the steering wheel, something is probably not working properly. These noises often indicate problems with the hydraulic pump, air trapped in the system, or a worn or loose belt. A simple solution may be to adjust or replace the belt, but if the noise continues, you may need to bleed the system to remove accumulated air or even replace the pump if it is damaged. 

Hydraulic fluid leaks

Leaks are another common problem in hydraulic systems. Over time, hoses, gaskets, or seals can deteriorate, causing fluid leakage. If you detect oil stains under the vehicle or wet residue near the steering system, it is important to act quickly. Leaks not only decrease the efficiency of the system but can also cause serious damage if not repaired in time. 

Steering wheel vibrations

Feeling vibrations when turning the steering wheel can signal various problems, from a faulty control valve to poorly balanced tires. If these vibrations occur only when turning, it is likely that the problem is related to the hydraulic system. In this case, it is advisable to go to a specialized workshop for a complete check-up. 

Steering wheel does not return to center position

When you are driving and the steering wheel does not automatically return to its center position after turning, it could be a faulty control valve or an incorrect wheel alignment. This issue directly affects the stability of the vehicle and should be corrected as soon as possible. 

Prevent problems in the power steering system

Power steering is an essential system to ensure comfortable, safe, and efficient driving. Understanding how it works and keeping an eye out for symptoms of potential problems can help you prevent breakdowns and keep your vehicle in optimal condition. If you detect any failures, do not ignore the signs, and act quickly to avoid further damage.

At Repsol Lubricants, we have high-quality products designed to protect and optimize the performance of your vehicle's hydraulic systems. With our portal’s search engine, you can find the hydraulic fluid you need just by searching for your vehicle model or by license plate.